commensal microflora defined:
commensal flora: skin
The superficial skin microflora are found mostly in the superficial layers of the epidermis and in the hair follicles and glands.
Sebaceous Areas:(Oily areas, Oil glands, Hair follicles)
Moist Areas: (Mucous membranes)
Dry Skin:
Sebaceous Areas:(Oily areas, Oil glands, Hair follicles)
- Propionibacterium acnes
- Staphylococcus
Moist Areas: (Mucous membranes)
- Corynebacterium spp
- Staphylococci
Dry Skin:
- Staphylococci (S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. warneri, S. saprophyticus, S. hominis, etc...)
- Streptococci (S. pyogenes, S. mitis, etc...)
- Enterococcus
- Bacillus subtilis
- Skin mite: Demodex folliculorum, Demodex brevis
- Pseudomonas spp
- Acinetobacter spp
- Yeasts (Candida spp, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, dermatophytes, Malassezia, Microsporum, Trichophyton, nondermatophyte, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Scopulariopsis, Curvularia, Alternaria, Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium)
commensal flora: oropharynx
- Actinomyces
- Arachnia
- Bacteroides
- Bifidobacterium
- Eubacterium
- Fusobacterium
- Lactobacillus
- Leptotrichia
- Peptococcus
- Peptostreptococcus
- Propionibacterium
- Selenomonas
- Treponema
- Veillonella
- Eikenella corrodens
- Spirochetes
- Actinobacillus
- Streptococcus Viridans (non-pyogenic)
A) Streptococcus Mitis group (commensals of the human upper respiratory tract; opportunistic pathogens only when they gain access to the bloodstream)
S. pneumoniae
S. australis
S. cristatus
S. gordonii
S. infantis
S. mitis
S. oligofermentans
S. oralis
S. parasanguinis
S. perorsis
S. pseudopneumoniae
S. sanguinis
S. sinensis
B) S. Anginosus group (commensals of the human upper respiratory tract; opportunistic pathogens only when they gain access to the bloodstream)
1. S. anginosus
2. S. constellatus
3. S. intermedius
C) S. Salvarius (commensals of the human upper respiratory tract; opportunistic pathogens only when they gain access to the bloodstream)
1. S. salivarius
2. S. vestibularis
3. S. thermophilus (not associated with humans)
II. Others
A. Mutans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sobrinus)
B. S. bovis/S. equinus complex (Members of Lancefield Group D; Includes. S. bovis, S. equinus, S. gallolyticus, S. pasteurianus)
commensal flora: gastrointestinal tract ("gut" flora):
The gut microflora are the resident flora that reside in the digestive tracts of humans. Most of the time, these microbes reside peacefully within the host and are beneficial in a variety of ways ("mutualism"). For example, some of these microorganisms provide vitamins that the body cannot make on its own, such as vitamin K and vitamin B. Others ferment carbohydrates and other sources, contributing to the digestive process. Many provide protection against pathogens by fighting for nutrients that would otherwise be taken up by the pathogens. We carry approximately 100 trillion bacteria in our intestines.
Most of the gut flora are anaerobes or facultative anaerobes, including:
Most of the gut flora are anaerobes or facultative anaerobes, including:
- Bacteroides spp
- Prevotella spp
- Clostridium spp
- Bifidobacterium spp
- Eubacterium spp
- Ruminococcus
- Peptococcus
- Peptostreptococcus
- Lactobacillus
- Propionibacterium spp
- Enterobacteriaceae, such as E. coli, Klebsiella spp, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp, Proteus spp, Providencia spp, Edwardsiella spp, and others.
- Streptococci
- Enterococci
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Yeasts such as Candida albicans and Saccharomyces spp, and molds such as Aspergillus spp are also found in the GI tract.
Commensal flora: urovaginal tract
- Actinobacteria
- Lactobacillus
- Streptococcus viridans
- Prevotella
- Porphyromonas
- Actinomyces
- Aggregatibacter
- Bacteroides
- Fusobacterium
- Mobiluncus
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- Leptotrichia
- Mycoplasma
- Peptococcus
- Peptoniphilus
- Veillonella
- Ureaplasma
commensal flora: respiratory tract
- Prevotella spp
- Sphingomonas spp
- Haemophilus spp
- Acinetobacter spp
- Fusobacterium
- Veillonella
- Staphylococcus
- Neisseria spp
- Streptococcus Viridans (non-pyogenic)
S. pneumoniae
S. australis
S. cristatus
S. gordonii
S. infantis
S. mitis
S. oligofermentans
S. oralis
S. parasanguinis
S. perorsis
S. pseudopneumoniae
S. sanguinis
S. sinensis
B) S. Anginosus group (commensals of the human upper respiratory tract; opportunistic pathogens only when they gain access to the bloodstream)
1. S. anginosus
2. S. constellatus
3. S. intermedius
C) S. Salvarius (commensals of the human upper respiratory tract; opportunistic pathogens only when they gain access to the bloodstream)
1. S. salivarius
2. S. vestibularis
3. S. thermophilus (not associated with humans)
II. Others
A. Mutans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sobrinus)
B. S. bovis/S. equinus complex (Members of Lancefield Group D; Includes. S. bovis, S. equinus, S. gallolyticus, S. pasteurianus)
commensal flora associated with bites and scratches: cats
- Streptococcus (alpha and beta)
- Staphylococcus
- Moraxella
- Pasteurella spp, especially P. multocida and P. septica and P. dogmatis
- Bartonella henselae
- Fusobacterium
- Bacteroides
- Porphyromonas
- Neisseria spp (N. animaloris, N. zoodegmatis, N. canis, N. weaveri)
- Simonsiella
- Conchiformibium
- Bartonella henselae or B. quintana
- Riemerella
- Eikenella corrodens
- Bergeyella (Weeksella)
- E. coli
- Enterococcus
- Actinomyces
commensal flora associated with bites and scratches: dogs
- Pasteurella spp (P. multocida, P. canis, P. dogmatis)
- Capnocytophaga canimorsus
- Actinomyces
- Streptococcus suis
- Staphylococcus pseudointermedius
- Granulicatella
- Porphyromonas gulae
- Neisseria weaveri
- Fusobacterium canifelium
- Bacteroides
- P. gingivalis (Catalase +)
- Micromonas
- Filifactor
- Corynebacterium canis and C. auriscanis
- Veillonella
- Tannerella forsythia
- Campylobacter rectus
- Eikenella corrodens
- Treponema denticola
- Bergeyella (Weeksella)
- Eubacterium
- E. coli
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Serratia marsescens
- Proteus
- Enterobacter
- Acinetobacter
- Enterococcus
- CNS
- Actinomyces
- Bacillus